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Figure 9 | BMC Pharmacology

Figure 9

From: Dicholine salt of succinic acid, a neuronal insulin sensitizer, ameliorates cognitive deficits in rodent models of normal aging, chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, and beta-amyloid peptide-(25–35)-induced amnesia

Figure 9

Effects of CS on spatial learning in the water-maze test in 2VO rats. Path lengths to escape to the hidden platform in water maze were measured during the 2-day training period on days as indicated in the experimental schedule (Figure 7). A: The day 1 of the trial. B: The day 2 of the trial. SH, sham-operated rats (i.p. saline for 7 days); CTR, 2VO rats (i.p. saline for 7 days, control); CH, 2VO rats treated i.p. for 7 days with choline chloride in dose of 10 mg/kg; CS1, CS10, and CS25, 2VO rats treated i.p. for 7 days with CS in doses of 1, 10, or 25 mg/kg respectively. Each group comprised a minimum of eight rats. Columns represent the path lengths means ± SEM. *P < 0.05 vs. CTR. †P < 0.05 vs. SH.

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BMC Pharmacology

ISSN: 1471-2210