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Figure 5 | BMC Pharmacology

Figure 5

From: Dicholine salt of succinic acid, a neuronal insulin sensitizer, ameliorates cognitive deficits in rodent models of normal aging, chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, and beta-amyloid peptide-(25–35)-induced amnesia

Figure 5

Effects of CS on spatial learning in the water-maze test in middle-aged mice. Path lengths and latencies to escape to the hidden platform in water maze were measured during the 4-day training period on days as indicated in the experimental schedule (Figure 2). A, B: The day 1 of the trial. C, D: The day 2 of the trial. E, F: The day 3 of the trial. G, H: The day 4 of the trial. YNG, young adult mice (i.p. saline for 7 days); MID, middle-aged mice (i.p. saline for 7 days, control); CS1, CS10, and CS25, middle-aged mice treated i.p. for 7 days with CS in doses of 1, 10, or 25 mg/kg respectively. Each group comprised a minimum of eight mice. Columns represent the path lengths or latencies means ± SEM. *P < 0.05 vs. MID. †P < 0.05 vs. YNG.

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BMC Pharmacology

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